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Nikephoros III Botaneiates
Nikephoros III Botaneiates, Latinized as Nicephorus III Botaniates ((ギリシア語:Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης), c. 1002〔Canduci, pg. 275〕 – 10 December 1081), was Byzantine emperor from 1078 to 1081. He belonged to a family claiming descent from the Byzantine Phokas family.〔Kazhdan, pg. 1479〕
== Early career ==
Nikephoros Botaneiates had served as general from the reign of Constantine IX. Drawn to politics, he had been an active participant in the uprising that brought Isaac I to the throne in 1057,〔Kazhdan, pg. 1479〕 including a prominent role in the Battle of Petroe. Although considered a competent general, he had suffered a number of humiliating setbacks throughout his career.〔Canduci, pg. 276〕 In 1064, he, together with Basil Apokapes, doux of Paradounavon, defended the Balkan frontiers against the invading Oghuz Turks, but was defeated and suffered the humiliation of being taken captive.〔Canduci, pg. 276〕 The outbreak of an epidemic soon began decimating the Turks, however, and the prisoners were recovered, while the survivors were quickly recruited in the Byzantine army.〔Florin Curta (2006), ''Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250'', p. 298. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-81539-8.〕
In 1067, Nikephoros had been considered as a possible husband for the empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, widowed wife of Constantine X, but she eventually set her heart on Romanos IV Diogenes.〔Canduci, pg. 276〕 Excluded from Romanos's campaign at Manzikert, he retired to his estates in Anatolia.〔Norwich, ''Byzantium: The Apogee'', pg. 360〕 Eventually, under Michael VII Doukas, he became strategos of the Anatolic theme and commander of the troops in Asia Minor.〔 Here he participated in the shambolic acts that crippled the empire’s eastern provinces, including his strategic retreat when Caesar John Doukas was confronting Norman mercenary rebels, resulting in the humiliating defeat of the Byzantine army and the capture of John Doukas.〔Finlay, pg. 52〕
In 1078 he revolted against Michael VII and his finance minister Nikephoritzes. With the support of the Seljuk Turks, who provided him with valuable troops,〔Canduci, pg. 276〕 he marched upon Nicaea, where he proclaimed himself emperor. In the face of another rebellious general, Nikephoros Bryennios, his election was ratified by the aristocracy and clergy, while Michael VII abdicated and became a monk.〔Norwich, ''Byzantium: The Apogee'', pg. 361〕 On 24 March 1078,〔 Nikephoros III Botaneiates entered Constantinople in triumph and was crowned by Patriarch Kosmas I of Constantinople. With the help of his general Alexios Komnenos, he defeated Bryennios and other rivals but failed to clear the invading Turks out of Asia Minor.〔Norwich, ''Byzantium: The Decline & Fall'', pg. 3〕
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